Title:	Disc-halo gas outflows driven by stellar clusters as seen in multiwavelength tracers
Authors:	Vasiliev, Evgenii O. Drozdov, Sergey A. Nath, Biman B. Dettmar, Ralf-Jurgen Shchekinov, Yuri A.
Issue Date:	1-Apr-2023
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
Citation:	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2023, Vol. 520, p2655
Abstract:	We consider the dynamics of and emission from growing superbubbles in a stratified interstellar gaseous disc driven by energy release from supernovae explosions in stellar clusters with masses Mcl = 105 − 1.6 × 106 M⊙. Supernovae are spread randomly within a sphere of rc = 60 pc, and inject energy episodically with a specific rate 1/130 M−1⊙ proportional to the star formation rate (SFR) in the cluster. Models are run for several values of SFR in the range 0.01 to 0.1 M⊙ yr−1, with the corresponding average surface energy input rate ∼0.04–0.4 erg cm−2 s−1. We find that the discrete energy injection by isolated SNe are more efficient in blowing superbubbles: Asymptotically they reach heights of up to 3 to 16 kpc for Mcl = 105 − 1.6 × 105 M⊙, correspondingly, and stay filled with a hot and dilute plasma for at least 30 Myr. During this time, they emit X-ray, Hα and dust infrared emission. X-ray luminosities LX∝SFR3/5 that we derive here are consistent with observations in star-forming galaxies. Even though dust particles of small sizes a ≤ 0.03 μm are sputtered in the interior of bubbles, larger grains still contribute considerably ensuring the bubble luminosity LIR/SFR∼5×107L⊙M−1⊙ yr⁠. It is shown that the origin of the North Polar Spur in the Milky Way can be connected with activity of a cluster with the stellar mass of ∼105 M⊙ and the SFR ∼ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1 some 25–30 Myr ago. Extended luminous haloes observed in edge-on galaxies (NGC 891 as an example) can be maintained by disc spread stellar clusters of smaller masses M* ≲ 105 M⊙.
Description:	Restricted Access
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/2289/8084
ISSN:	0035-8711 1365-2966 (Online)
Alternative Location:	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad309
Copyright:	2023 The Author(s)
Appears in Collections:	Research Papers (A&A)

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